The British Ambassador, George Head Barclay reported disapproval of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. [93][94], Ahmad Shah died on February 21, 1930, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. /** * Error Protection API: WP_Paused_Extensions_Storage class * * @package * @since 5.2.0 */ /** * Core class used for storing paused extensions. Ahmad Shah Qajar was born on month day 1898, at birth place, to Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar and Malika-i-Jahan Khanum Qajar. All documents tagged "Ahmad Shah Qajar" - bahai-library.com 21 June 1972 in Tabriz, Azerbaijan, Persia) in exile in San Remo, Italy. what is the recommended ratio for lifeguard to swimmer In March, 1924, he wired Re Khan instructing him to suppress the republican movement. [104], At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.[100]. When Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani in 1896,[83] the crown passed to his son Mozaffar-e-din. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12[2] after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, many tribal chiefs rose in revolt in the hope of taking over the . The account of these events lies outside the scope of this article, but Amad Shahs behavior throughout this crisis was lamentable. By the late 19th century, many Persians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests. Agha Mohammad Khan. The coup of 1921 rendered Ahmad Shah politically weaker and less relevant. Ahmad Shah Qajar Biography - Shah of Iran from 1909 to 1925 Ahmad Shah died in 1930[how?] The Grand Majlis enacted many reforms. At that time, large parts of Iran were under tight Russian influence and control, and since 1910 Russian forces were present inside the country, while many of its cities possessed Russian garrisons. According to French newspaper reports at the time, he left behind a considerable fortune, estimated at 75 million francs. One of Khan's first actions was to rescind the unpopular Anglo-Persian Agreement. At the close of the fourteenth century, after Timur's campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia. sap next talent program salary. However, the occupation of Persia during World War I by Russian, British, and Ottoman troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered. 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. [31] When Nader Shah died in 1747, they capitalized on the chaos that had erupted in mainland Iran, and declared de facto independence. Moammad-Al Shah was considered to have lost his right to the throne by opposing and seeking the overthrow of the constitutional order and by taking bast, or sanctuary, in the Russian embassy when the armed contingents of the constitutionalists seized control of Tehran. Consequently, at a reception held in his honor in London, he intentionally refrained from including in his official speech any reference which could have been construed as an endorsement of the Anglo-Persian Agreement. The death of Mohammad- Ali Shah Qajar (b. ahmad shah qajar cause of death old restaurants in lawrence, ma These developments made a deep impression on the Iranian olam , who feared that the proclamation of a republic in Iran would have similar consequences for the role of Islam and the religious establishment in their country (Survey of International Affairs 3, 1925, p. 537). Battle of Sultanabad, 13 February 1812. Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, was the young prince Nasser-e-Din's advisor and constable. The coup of 1921 rendered Ahmad Shah politically weaker and less relevant. On July 16, 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah was overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution . [9], "Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy". Ahmad Shah Qajar (1898-1930) - Find a Grave Memorial ahmad shah qajar cause of death [83] Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a moderate, but relatively ineffective ruler. For Agha Mohammad Khan, the resubjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian Empire was part of the same process that had brought Shiraz, Isfahan, and Tabriz under his rule. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. [96] In 1868, most province governors were Qajar princes. Three days after the agreement was signed, the shah left for an official visit to England. Ahmad Qajar - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under the non-Persian rule since the mid18th century. He appears also to have remained in touch with the powerful Shaikh aal and to have encouraged his rebellion against the central government. As the Qajar state's sovereignty was challenged this took the form of military conquests, diplomatic intrigues, and the competition of trade goods between two foreign empires. Azizi, Mohammad-Hossein. Modern scholars of character and integrity, such as ok-al-molk For, ok-al-dawla affr and Kaml-al-molk were named to replace the departing teaching staff. Other rebellions were crushed, considerably adding to Re Khans standing. This greatly enhanced Re Khans standing and he began to encourage a movement for the transfer of the crown from Amad Shah to himself. When Nasser ed-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam was awarded the position of the prime minister and the title of Amir Kabir, the Great Ruler. Their head, Agha Mohammad Khan, as his first objective,[37] resolved to bring the Caucasus again fully under the Persian orbit. With the arrival of the Cossacks in Tehran, the cabinet fell and the feeble prime minister, Fatallh Akbar, took sanctuary in the British embassy. Agha Mohammad Shah was later assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in Shusha. A wise and honest counselor, he did much to dispel the mistrust and ill-feeling generated during the reign of Moammad-Al Shah. , 2000. [45] The next two years were a time of muddle and confusion, and the weakened and devastated Georgian kingdom, with its capital half in ruins, was easily absorbed by Russia in 1801. Oktober 1925. [17], On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia). The education of the young king thus passed into the hands of men whose sole aim was to make Amad Shah into a genuine constitutional monarch. In 1923, Ahmad Shah left Persia for Europe for health reasons. In April, in a wire to the Majlis, he expressed his lack of confidence in Re Khan (although he subsequently approved his reappointment as prime minister). On 21 February 1921, Ahmad Shah was pushed aside in a military coup by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, who subsequently seized the post of Prime Minister. On the other hand, the Red Army along with rebels and warlords ruled much of the countryside. Following the official losing of the aforementioned vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. Agha Mohammad Khan defeated numerous rivals and brought all of Iran under his rule, establishing the Qajar . Hoping to head off this movement and encouraged by politicians opposed to Re Khan, in September, 1925, Amad Shah announced in a telegram to Re Khan his intention to sail from Marseilles on October 2 and return to Iran. The assembly adjourned without reaching a decision, and Re Khan soon thereafter journeyed to Qom, where he conferred with the powerful religious leaders. Ahmad Shah Qajar - Wikipedia [23][86], British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Persia, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. - . ahmad shah qajar cause of death - akzenterprises.com [62][65] Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. [77] Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the city so it could be expanded as needed. In 1779, following the death of Moammad Karm Khn Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, gh Moammad Khn (reigned 1779-97), a leader of the Turkmen Qjr tribe, set out to reunify Iran. I: Enqer-e salanat-e Qrya, Tehran, 1323 ./1944, p. 39). Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (17221758) was the father of Mohammad Khan Qajar and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Later, the formal termination of the Qajar Dynasty by the Majles, turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile. [39][40] As Iran could not permit or allow the cession of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries,[17] it would also directly lead up to the wars of even several years later, namely the Russo-Persian War (18041813) and Russo-Persian War (18261828), which would eventually prove for the irrevocable forced cession of aforementioned regions to Imperial Russia per the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828), as the ancient ties could only be severed by a superior force from outside. Among the first to go was a certain Russian captain, Smirnov, whom Moammad-Al Shah had appointed to teach his son Russian. But the constitutionalists were shrewd enough to foresee that complications might arise under Article 7 of the Treaty of Torkamy of 1828, by which the Russian government recognized the succession to the throne to lie in the direct male heirs of Abbs Mrz, son and heir-apparent to Fat-Al Shah. by. [44] To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II declared war on Persia, upon the proposal of Gudovich,[44] and sent an army under Valerian Zubov to the Qajar possessions on April of that year, but the new Tsar Paul I, who succeeded Catherine in November, shortly recalled it. After several disputes with the members of the Majles, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered Persian Cossack Brigade (almost solely composed of Caucasian Muhajirs), to bomb the Majlis building, arrest many of the deputies (December 1907), and close down the assembly (June 1908). [17] The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia was Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.[18][53][54][55][56][57][58]. [20][79] By the 1890s, Russian tutors, doctors and officers were prominent at the Shah's court, influencing policy personally. Four years after the 1921 Persian coup d'tat, Reza Shah took power in 1925 and formed the Imperial State of Persia. A. AMAD SHAH QJR - Encyclopaedia Iranica [13][14] The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. He was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects. When Aod-al-molk died on 22 September 1910, he was replaced as regent by Abul-Qsem Ner-al-molk, an Oxonian who counted among his contemporaries at Oxford Lord Curzon and Sir Edward Grey, both destined to become British foreign secretaries in the next decade. The first four years of Amad Shahs direct reign coincided with World War I and the occupation of Iran by various belligerent troops. [90] Numerous clashes would take place there between the Russians, who were further aided by the Assyrians under Agha Petros as well as Armenian volunteer units and battalions, and the Ottomans on the other side. [25] The Safavids "left Arran (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to local Turkic khans",[26] and, "in 1554 Ganja was governed by Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar, whose family came to govern Karabakh in southern Arran".[27]. Dr. Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian; Benefactor and Former Director of Pasteur Institute of Iran. He is a weak ruler who is plagued with illness and was installed to the throne since he was a minor. [40], In August 1795, Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras River, and after a turn of events by which he gathered more support from his subordinate khans of Erivan and Ganja, and having re-secured the territories up to including parts of Dagestan in the north and up to the westernmost border of modern-day Armenia in the west, he sent Erekle the last ultimatum, which he also declined, but, sent couriers to St.Petersburg. From exile, Ahmad Shah issued the following declaration indicating his displeasure with the turn of events that had led to his overthrow: Ahmad Shah Qajar and his Cabinet - Smithsonian's National Museum of The shah signed the constitution on 30 December 1906, but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment. D. Wright, The English Amongst the Persians, London, 1977, pp. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 21 February 1930) was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.[1]. Some of these groups included the Ayrums, Qarapapaqs, Circassians, Shia Lezgins, and other Transcaucasian Muslims. However, until 1907 the Great Game rivalry was so pronounced that mutual British and Russian demands to the Shah to exclude the other, blocked all railroad construction in Iran at the end of the 19th century. [33] He viewed, like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, the territories no different from the territories in mainland Iran. In addition, he signed the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship. The Tsar ordered the troops in Tabriz "to act harshly and quickly", while purges were ordered, leading to many executions of prominent revolutionaries. The deposed shah subsequently took up permanent residence in France. On December 12, a special constituent assembly modified articles 36, 37, 38, and 40 of the constitution and by a vote of 257 to 3 conferred the crown on Re Shah and his male heirs. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. [35] A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in Tbilisi in 1784,[33] but was withdrawn in 1787, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, as a new war against Ottoman Turkey had started on a different front. On 21 February 1921, Ahmad Shah was pushed aside in a military coup by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, who subsequently seized the post of Prime Minister. Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shahanshah - geni family tree Others simply voluntarily refused to live under Christian Russian rule, and thus disembarked for Turkey or Iran. [77] Unfortunately, Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his greatest monument completed, but it still stands in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country. In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. In 1856, during the Anglo-Persian War, Britain prevented Persia from reasserting control over Herat. His grandson Mohammad Shah, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Herat, succeeded him in 1834. During Nasser-e-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun. (court literature/language, administrative, cultural, official), Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus, Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The agreement was deeply resented in France and openly denounced by the American minister in Tehran, who promised the Iranian nationalists his countrys full support in resisting this colonial pact (M. T. Bahr, Tr-emotaar-e azb-e ss, vol. He reestablished Persian control over the territories in the entire Caucasus. They threw themselves into the anti-republican campaign and incited the people to invade Bahrestn Square, where the Majlis was on the point of debating the proposed constitutional changes. Category:Ahmad Shah Qajar - Wikimedia Commons does papaya cause bloating; distinguish between portability and compatibility as used in software selection; what kind of government did the shah lead? A leading figure was the shahs maternal grandfather, Kmrn Mrz. [38] Erekle appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress Catherine II of Russia, asking for at least 3,000 Russian troops,[38] but he was ignored, leaving Georgia to fend off the Persian threat alone. He interfered in political appointments that lay outside his jurisdiction; he engaged in corrupt practices that came to be widely known, for example in grain speculation, in order to augment his already considerable fortune; and his avariciousness was noted even by foreign observers, including the British minister to Tehran, who reported in a dispatch that the best way to keep the shah well-disposed towards England was to give him, or obtain for him, as much money as we can for that is what he loves most in the world (Norman to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Documents on British Foreign Policy, first series, XIII, London, 1963, p. 538). Shah of Iran from July 16, 1909 to December 15, 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty. Ahmad Shah Qajar and his Cabinet; Ahmad Shah Qajar and his Cabinet. 4. The Majles also democratized the electoral system, diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran, and even lowered the voting age from twenty-five to twenty. [66] This brigade would prove decisive in the following decades to come in Qajar history. In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Ahmad Shah Qajar - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Arch Iran Med 10.1 (2007): 119-23. punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects, two Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century, invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia, "Genealogy and History of Qajar (Kadjar) Rulers and Heads of the Imperial Kadjar House", IRAN ii. After the start of the Russian Revolution, many tsarist supporters remained in Persia as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the Soviet Union. Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty. Mozaffar-e-din Shah's son Mohammad Ali Shah (reigned 19071909), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [18] Despite its territorial losses, Qajar Iran reinvented the Iranian notion of kingship[19] and maintained relative political independence, but faced major challenges to its sovereignty, predominantly from the Russian and British empires. 3556. The Qajars were a Turkmen tribe that held ancestral lands in present-day Azerbaijan, which then was part of Iran.In 1779, following the death of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand Dynasty ruler of southern Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. In November, Re Khan marched to zestn where he secured aals submission. Given a cool reception in France, for the first time he became aware of the terrible blunder he had made in acquiescing to the treaty. Abrahamian Ervand, "Oriental Despotism:The Case of Qajar Iran" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. [67][68] Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in Eastern Armenia. 1993), pp. When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son Nasser-e-Din, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns. Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a town near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy. Muhammad Shah. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. [20][79], Irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, were a major element until the late nineteenth century, and irregular forces long remained a significant part of the Qajar army. Ahmad had 8 siblings: Mohammad Hassan Mirza Qajar, Soltan Mahmoud Mirza Qajar and 6 other siblings. fut Shah d'Iran du 16 juillet 1909 au 31 octobre 1925. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence. This influence was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced. Sepehr, rn dar ang-e bozorg-e 1914-18, Tehran, 1336 ./1957. Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications", Praeger/Greenwood,1998 - Page 67: . . . (XIX . He founded the first modern hospital in Iran.[75]. Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Malika-i-Jahan was born on May 14 1877, in Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. The generations are numbered from the ascension of, overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution, Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam, Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek, Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, "Diplomatic Affairs and International Law, 19091", "Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", "Children of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", A slide show of some photographs from a collection belonging to Mohammad-Hasan Mirz, Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&oldid=1142077163, People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia), Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam (, Najafqoli Khan Bakhtiari Saad od-Dowleh (, Mirza Mohammad-Ali Khan (11 January 1913 1 July 1914), Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (. Er war der letzte Herrscher der Kadscharen . Thus, after long and careful deliberations, and in keeping with Article 37 of the constitution, the leaders of the constitutional movement agreed to confer the crown on the deposed shahs eldest son. Erekle had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring Imereti under its King Solomon II. After being chosen by the Sayyid Brothers of Barha, he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under . Amad Shah's position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. [85] Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties. The remainder of the Gendarmerie was named amniya after a patrol unit that existed in the early Qajar dynasty. what kind of government did the shah lead? G. Waterfield, Professional Diplomat, Sir Percy Loraine, London, 1973. 1 (Jan. Mar. safe word ideas for shifting; theatre designer beatrice minns. [69] After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. [74], Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the standards of 18th-century Iran. Storming of Lankaran, 13 January 1813. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Ahmad Shah Qajar. From this moment, Re Khan became the real power in Iran behind the making and unmaking of successive cabinets. The Russians had always interpreted this article to imply that while individual rulers could be removed from the throne, the continuity of the dynasty itself must not be affected. The weakness of the government in the face of such aggression by an atheist foreign power sparked seething anger among many traditional Persians including the young Ruhollah Khomeini, who would later condemn both Communism and monarchy as treason against Persia's sovereignty and the laws of Islam. French publications at the time reported that his estate was worth some seventy-five million francs.[5]. Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah. XX .). Children of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar) [33] As the Cambridge History of Iran states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of Fars or Gilan. On 16 July 1909, the Majles voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Between 1914 and 1918, the Ottoman troops massacred many thousands of Iran's Assyrian and Armenian population, as part of the Assyrian and Armenian genocides, respectively.[91][92]. The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Iran. In August, the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. By June 1914, Russia established near-total control over its northern zone, while Britain had established influence over Baluch and Bakhtiari autonomous tribal leaders in the southeastern zone. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty, after ending the century-old Qajar dynasty, and subsequently introduced and implemented steps to improve the prevailing social, economic and political conditions in Iran. [28] Among these Turkic tribes, however, Turkmens of Iran played the most prominent role in bringing Qajars to power. [76] Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Home News Random Article Install Wikiwand Send a suggestion Uninstall Wikiwand Upgrade to Wikiwand 2.0 He had 12 grandchildren, who respectively carry the last names Albertini, Faroughy, Panahi and Qajar (also spelled Kadjar). Ahmad Shah Qajar - Wikiwand (Source: Flickr Commons project, 2017) . Nasser ed-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Persia's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. This understanding was incorporated into the Irano-Soviet Friendship Treaty of 1921. [33] It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the part of the vali of Georgia.