1. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. Political participation: 2.22. Between 1950 and 2016, one-party dictatorships made up 57% of authoritarian regimes in the world,[26] and one-party dictatorships have continued to expand more quickly than other forms of dictatorship in the latter half of the 20th century. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Zimbabwe - 1980 to present - Robert Mugabe. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. Other countries with dictatorships and authoritarian rule, such as Cuba, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Belarus, could also be considered totalitarian governments. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. Personalistic dictatorships: 4. Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. Also, dictatorships . 8. 1. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. The dictator is the absolute ruler. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. The dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. Dictatorships in the Middle East and Northern Africa are either illiberal republics in which a president holds power through unfair elections, or they are absolute monarchies in which power is inherited. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. Benito Mussolini was the first generally recognised fascist leader. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. Today, there are only five communist states, some of which are struggling to hold on to communism. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. [52], Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of tyranny, and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" that are comparable to modern dictators. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". They are in civil war, but the dictator is. [1]:70. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. Some of the most famous dictators in history include, of course, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, Benito Mussolini, ruler of fascist Italy from 1922-1945, and Joseph Stalin,. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. [114] The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. Unfortunately, democracy is still shaky in many countries, a number of which are fighting violent religious insurrections, and the likelihood of any fallen dictator being quickly replaced by another dictator is high. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. However, since they might also give up power willingly, the regime is marked with a type II value to signal potential classification errors where a democratic regime may be falsely classified as dictatorship. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. List of Cons of Dictatorships. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. Nearly half of dictatorships start as a military coup, though others have been started by foreign intervention, elected officials ending competitive elections, insurgent takeovers, popular uprisings by citizens, or legal maneuvering by autocratic elites to take power within their government. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. Uganda. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic and an oligarchy. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. [132] Foreign intervention takes place when another country seeks to topple a regime by invading the country or supporting the opposition. Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. The relations between the countries were strained by Soviet attempts to influence Yugoslavia, leading to the TitoStalin split in 1948. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. Reading Time: 4 minutes. and "Which country has a dictatorship as its form of leadership?" Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. Another controversial dictator is General Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) of Chile. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. " In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. [1] "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . The theories about society, capital and labor got turned into a dictatorship, genocide, and poverty. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. Charles Taylor Country: Liberia Charles McArthur Ghanakay Taylor's life story is akin to that of a movie. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. During his reign of terror, about 30,000 Haitians are estimated to have been assassinated, while thousands - mostly intelligence fled the country. People who are for dictatorship say it provides for a more stable government, helps abolish corruption, and is more efficient in emergencies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Political culture: 5.00. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be preserved in the socialist countries to assure that the reeducated minds of the workers already lucky enough to live under socialism were not re-infected by capitalist ideas coming in from outside the people's collectivist . This instability in turn required rulers to become increasingly authoritarian to stay in power, further propagating dictatorship in Africa. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. Mao consolidated his control of the People's Republic of China with the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, which involved the destruction of all elements of capitalism and traditionalism in China. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution.
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