There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Add a comment. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. 0. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. A) managed care Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. c. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Reduced urine. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. a. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. It is typically consumed in pill form. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. . The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. . It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%.