Verify and try again. I have just modified one external link on Tuskaloosa. Fire-hardened clay is a key because de Soto burned Mabila to to the ground after the battle on Oct. 18, 1540, which claimed the lives of at least 2,500 of Tuscaloosa's men and 200 Spaniards . After numerous assaults and many hours (the battle lasted eight or nine hours), the Spaniards were able to hack holes into the walls of the palisade and reenter the town. The Cherokee called them the Moon People. Tuskaloosas story would end no differently than those of the countless other tribes that de Soto encountered. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. He was . De Soto refused, and the chief asked to confer with some of his nobles in one of the large dwellings on the plaza. VA Tuscaloosa health care Phone: 205-554-2000, ext. Friday, August 26, 2016 . De Soto's men burn Mabila, illustration by H.Roe, When de Soto sent men into the house to retrieve the chief, they discovered it was full of armed warriors prepared to protect their chief. The Spaniards also noticed the palisade had been recently strengthened, and that all trees, bushes and even weeds had been cleared from outside the settlement for the length of a crossbow shot. The Chief refused, and one of de Soto's men grabbed him and in the ensuing scuffle, the chief had his arm cut off. Here's a glimpse into what the Druid City means to Anderson, and what he's meant to the community. He was the suzerain of many territories, and of numerous people, being equally feared by his vassals and the neighbouring nations. 16th-century Mississippian chief in present-day Alabama, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Knights of the Order of St. John of Rhodes, Fort Toulouse-Fort Jackson State Historic Site, "A Narrative of de Soto's Expedition based on the Diary of Rodrigo Ranjel", "Mound at Fort Toulouse Fort Jackson Park", "Late Mississippian/Protohistoric Ceramic Chronology and Cultural Change in the Lower Tallapoosa and Alabama River Valleys", "Relation of the Conquest of Florida presented by Luys Hernandez de Biedma", Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuskaloosa&oldid=1116875311, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 October 2022, at 19:59. Any thoughts or suggestions? Our city is named for Chief Tuscaloosa, a man of mythical stature who ruled much of Alabama. The Zestimate for this house is $187,000, which has increased by $7,567 in the last 30 days. The copper-clad dome was built on the ground and had to be raised to the top of the central 90-foot-tall . His name is derived from the western Muskogean language elements taska and losa, which means Black Warrior. --75.175.67.155 (talk) 22:46, 18 February 2011 (UTC), The language of the article is convoluted and over elaborate, in some sections sounding as if it's been taken directly from dated, awkwardly translated chronicles. As they traveled, the expedition kidnapped natives to act as bearers and interpreters of the many different language families (Muskogean, Yamasee, Iroquoian, Cherokee, and others) of the Southeast. And the chief was on a kind of balcony on a. Twenty-two of de Soto's men were killed or died in a few days after the battle and 148 were wounded. Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. [1], The expedition departed Atachaci on October 12, and the next day, they arrived in the village of Piachi, situated high on a cliff overlooking the Alabama River. 'active' : 'js-change-currency' ?> //= plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . Tuscaloosa Police Chief Steve Anderson says he was "disgusted" by the actions of the two officers. At last, a pack horse accustomed to heavy burdens proved strong enough to carry the chief. This was believed to comprise what is now the Southern United States. Write a Review. Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? Oops, we were unable to send the email. "I great up in a small town in . On October 5, 1540 de Soto's expedition departed for Tuskaloosa's village, reaching it four days later. Nothing is known of his early life and there was no written documentation of him until the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto came into contact with him in October 1540. His passport application says he stood at "medium height." According to historical accounts, Chief Tuskaloosa was a very wise and respected leader and was of impressive physical stature standing nearly 7 feet tall." Dr. Marrast was definitely not as tall as Tushka Lusa. The tribe of Taskalusa may have become part ofthe Choctaw nation years later but that is speculation and canot be applied to a leader of this period. Armed with 250 conquistadors, he marches into the vine-covered swamps of south central Florida. [3], Once Chief Talisi had showed his obedience by supplying the Spaniards with requested deerskins, food, bearers and women, de Soto released the paramount chief of Coosa, whom they had held hostage while traveling through his territory. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Learn more about managing a memorial . Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Editors have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the RfC before doing mass systematic removals. And as a paramount, he had numerous vassal chiefs and territories spread throughout the region many of whom you may recognize by their names, such as Chief Talisi and the town of Mabila (the latter would give its name to Mobile). I thought the province shared it's name with him? He told de Soto that they would have to go to his town of Mabila (or Mauvila)[6] to receive the women. Failed to report flower. He encountered a giant Native American chief by the name of Tuscaloosa with a son just as tall. The Christians advancing toward the women, these turned aside, and the three men behind them shot their arrows at us, when we killed two of them. Q: How did chief Tuscaloosa die? I've just re-written the majority of this page, with a significant expansions, citations, illustrations. James Madison was the shortest president at 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm) tall. Tall Chief RV & Camping Resort, Fall City Washington. After making it outside, the Spaniards regrouped and assaulted the village. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. The Tuscaloosa County Sheriff's Office is dedicated to quality service with an emphasis on integrity, professionalism, and community spirit. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The daughter of an Osage tribe member . List of battleships of the United States Navy. Biedma asserts that over five thousand were in the town, of which almost none was able to escape. Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Chief Tuskaloosa (111727781)? It is not contemporary usage to write: "Unbeknownst to the Spanish" Editors can disagree on style - overuse of passive voice slows down the article. cemeteries found in will be saved to your photo volunteer list. For example, the spelling of the city of Tuscaloosa is used in some places as his name, in others the alternative spelling is used. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. De Soto asked the Chief of Mabila to demand the porters promised by Tuskaloosa, and the Spaniards would leave. They proceeded to the village of Taliepacana and then on to Mozulixa. Tuskaloosa (aka Tuskalusa, Tastaluca, Tuskaluza) (died 1540) was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. state of Alabama. In May 1539 de Soto's expedition had landed near Tampa, Florida with about 700 men with heavy armor, equipment, and livestock to sustain a planned four-year expedition and begin a circuitous exploration of modern-day Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama, as directed by King Carlos I of Spain, often engaging in violent conflict with the indigenous Native Americans. These included Casiste, situated on a stream; and Caxa, another village on a stream, possibly Hatchett Creek, the boundary between the Coosa and the Tuskaloosa. With this, the Mabilians attacked the Spanish, who immediately ran for the gate and their horses. Contemporary records describe the paramount chief as being very tall and well built, with some of the chroniclers saying Tuaskaloosa stood a foot and a half taller than the Spaniards. Once the Spanish breached the palisade, the Mabilians were too crowded in the village to mount a successful defense. Natives came from all of the houses and attacked the Spaniards. After being taken hostage by the Spanish as they passed through his territory, Tuskaloosa organized a surprise attack on his captors at Mabila, but was ultimately defeated. Rogers, organizing over a period of two months, had gathered a group of nearly 600 protesters - mostly teens - in order to march against the Tuscaloosa . What struck observers on meeting Tuscaloosa was his outstanding height. The Spaniards reacted by taking Tuskaloosa hostage. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. '../imgs/USA.png' ?> //= $_COOKIE['currency'] == 'CAD . The chief sat unmoved. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. In honor of the legendary Black Warrior, a great chief who had had a fateful encounter with explorer Hernando DeSoto centuries before somewhere in Southwest Alabama, the settlers named the place Tuscaloosa (from the Choctaw words tushka meaning warrior and lusa meaning black). Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. Tuskaloosa: A giant of a man, both physically and otherwise. . One hundred-forty eight were wounded, some multiple times. I'll be back to it soon. During the next several days, they reached about one village of the Tuskaloosa province per day. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. As if you need a source to back up the claim that "he was 7 feet tall" - do the math you idiots, if the Spaniards were averaging about 5 1/2 feet tall, what is 5.5 . Moscoso and his men mounted their horses and galloped around the plaza, playing juego de caas,[5] a dangerous sport involving jousting with lances. The chief of Talisi and his vassals had fled the town before them, but de Soto sent messages to the chief, who returned on September 25. Publicado en junio 16, 2022 por junio 16, 2022 por This is a carousel with slides. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Tuscaloosa: The Black Warrior. For sale This 3080 square foot single family home has 4 bedrooms and 3.0 bathrooms. The next day de Soto sent Luis de Moscoso to tell the chief that they were on their way. I find an abandoned school bus deep in the swamp.. The Big Eddy phase Taskigi Mound is a platform mound and fortified village site located at the confluence of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama Rivers near Wetumpka, Alabama. Gentleman of Elvas (1557). De Soto evidently thought Talisi was subject to Coosa, although the village was closer to Tuskaloosa. Outside the palisade in the field, they saw an older warrior encouraging younger men by leading them in mock skirmishes and military exercises. They found many wounded and dead Mabilians in the houses. In his new position, Anderson will report directly to UA System Chancellor Finis E. St. John IV. [3], De Soto sent a messenger to tell the chief he and his army had arrived, and the chief responded that they could go to the court whenever de Soto liked. Yeah, I tried to edit the article and include his height as approx. There are some serious issues with this article. Tuskaloosa told de Soto and his expedition to leave in peace, or he and his allies would force him to leave. VA Tuscaloosa health care Phone: 205-554-2000 ext: 2215. . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. On these marches the cacique in custody always rode The Tall Oaks Golf Club in Tuscaloosa is a laid-back, friendly course with one of the best layouts in the entire region. She passed away in April of 2013 at the age of 88. 16th Century Native American Leader . (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), . Born Elizabeth Marie Tall Chief on January 24, 1925, in Fairfax, Oklahoma, Tallchief was one of the country's leading ballerinas from the 1940s to the '60s. When de Soto and his males met Chief Tuskaloosa, he was described as tall and well built. The course rating is 70. During the next several days, they reached about one village of the Tuskaloosa province per day. 78 Things to Love About Alabama: Chief Tuskaloosa, Alabama Hoops lands major commitment: 4-Star Combo Guard Kris Parker is coming to the Capstone. 205-464-8603. Grunt - 4 feet 6.5 inches. ). Save to an Ancestry Tree, a virtual cemetery, your clipboard for pasting or Print. Tuscaloosa served as such from 1826-1846. It contains 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. 16th Century Native American Leader.Chief Tuskaloosa. Tuskaloosa (Tuskalusa, Tastaluca, Tuskaluza) (died 1540) was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. state of Alabama. By October 1540, de Soto's expedition had reached the middle of modern-day Alabama. De Soto refused, and the chief asked to confer with some of his nobles in one of the large wattle and daub houses on the plaza. Family members linked to this person will appear here. The natives had made two serious mistakes: they had not realized the advantage the Spaniards had when mounted on horses, and they had relied too heavily on their palisade. Year should not be greater than current year. You need a Find a Grave account to continue. There was an error deleting this problem. On October 9, de Soto crossed the Tallapoosa River, and by the end of the day, his party was within a few miles of Tuskalusa's village, Atahachi. The story of contact with Europeans was one which rarely inured to the favor of indigenous peoples. Try again later. Was there definitely a city or province that was also named Tuskaloosa (which seems odd as the name Tuskaloosa specifically means black warrior)? I've included the de Soto chronicle description of the various towns of the province of Tuskalusa, as well as the battle of Mabila, with it's consequences for the Mabilians and the Spanish. But, at the end of what became called the Battle of Mabila, up to 6000 Indians were dead. william doc marshall death. The men occasionally feinted toward Tuskaloosa, hoping to frighten him, a technique of manipulation de Soto had used against the Inca Atahualpa at Cajamarca. De Soto gave the chief a pair of boots and a red cloak to reward him for his cooperation. He informed de Soto that they would have to go to his town of Mabila (or Mauvila)[6] to receive the women. The expedition remained at Talisi for several weeks and were visited by an envoy from Chief Tuskaloosa, led by his son, with the intention of assessing their strength and to lay an ambush for them. el silbon whistle sound how tall was chief tuscaloosa. Chief Tuscaloosa was a giant of a man, over 7 feet, standing a foot and a half above the Spaniards. The expedition was forced to wait two days as they built rafts to cross to the north side of the river. [10], Over the next few centuries, the Tuskaloosa, Coosa, Plaquemine Mississippian peoples from the Mississippi and Pearl River valleys, and other native peoples came together to form a confederacy that became the historic tribe known as the Choctaw.[11]. His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies (the Choctaw and Creek peoples) who later emerged in the region. Please enter your email and password to sign in. Make sure that the file is a photo. The email does not appear to be a valid email address. After learning about Maria Tallchief, read about Ira Hayes, the Native American immortalized at Iwo Jima. September 3, 2019. author and Carmen Chavez Tesser, ed (1994). Flowers added to the memorial appear on the bottom of the memorial or here on the Flowers tab. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. Search above to list available cemeteries. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. There were several women, but no children. Chief Tuscaloosa was a giant of a man, over 7 feet, standing a foot and a half above the Spaniards. Thanks for your help! When de Soto sent men into the house to retrieve the chief, they discovered it was full of armed warriors who were prepared to protect their chief. Home; Leadership; . City Of Northport Finance Director . Here's how tall Halo 's Elites, Master Chief, Grunts and Jackals are: Elites - between 7 feet 4 inches and 8 feet 6 inches. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. He had a son, a young man as tall as himself but more slender. Rejection did not stop Tallchief; she continued working towards her goal and eventually became one of America's most popular ballerinas. Is this a mistake? He was taller than any of the men, Native or Spanish, with whom he came in contact. Here the Spaniards began noticing signs of resistance from the native population. [7] It had a wooden palisade encircling it, with bastions every so often for archers to shoot from. His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies (the Choctaw and Creek peoples) who later emerged in the region. Nothing is known of his early life and there was no written documentation of him until the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto came into contact with him in October 1540. Not 1.5 ft + x. Oh well, logic ended in 1912. 16th Century Native American Leader. Chief Tuskaloosa's son was found among the dead, although the chief was not. In 1539, De Soto landed near Tampa, Florida with 600-1,000 men and 200 horses and began a circuitous exploration of modern-day Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama, often engaging in violent conflict with the indigenous American Indians. Master Chief - 7 feet 2 inches. The Mabilians grabbed the provisions and equipment left outside the palisade and brought the supplies into the town. De Soto had Tuskaloosa taken hostage. [Tuskaloosa]s appearance was full of dignity he was tall of person, muscular, lean, and symmetrical. He was the suzerain of many territories, and of numerous people, being equally feared by his vassals and the neighbouring nations. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. [Tuskaloosa]s appearance was full of dignity he was tall of person, muscular, lean, and symmetrical. how tall was chief tuscaloosa. While there are larger members of the Covenant such as the Jiralhanae (also known as Brutes), trailers and promos for Halo have yet . Located just minutes from downtown Seattle and 18 miles from Bellevue, Tall Chief RV Resort offers guests many options for recreation. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The Spanish rested at Talisi for several weeks, then departed on October 5. During the course the battle, an estimated 100 of Tuskaloosa's warriors died, including himself and his son, although Tuskaloosa's body was never found among the dead. [3], While they were in Talisi, the Spanish were visited by an envoy from Chief Tuskaloosa, led by his son and some of his head men. De Soto ordered Tuskaloosa to have his people produced or he would be burned at the stake; the chief said only that the men would be returned at Mabila. When de Soto and his men met Chief Tuskaloosa, he was described as tall and well built. As de Soto approached the town, the chief of Mabila came out to greet him, bringing him three robes of marten skins as a gift. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. Yet, about 12 years after the heist, she realized she was tired of being a fugitive, and prison was an okay alternative. DeSoto took Chief Tuskaloosa hostage because he refused to provide De Soto meals and men to carry his supplies. They would frequently would take a local chief hostage to guarantee safe passage through his territory. Explore the beauty of local national . Natives came from all of the houses and attacked the Spaniards. Call 1-800-GAMBLER. Edit a memorial you manage or suggest changes to the memorial manager. His name is derived from the western Muskogean language elements "taska" and "losa," which means "Black Warrior." Like his father, Chief Waid began his career in law enforcement with the City of Tuscaloosa in October of 1985. And, while we do know he was much feared throughout the region, Tuskaloosa would unfortunately be no match for the conquistadors. On October 8 they came to a newly built settlement named Uxapita, possibly near modern Wetumpka, Alabama. The conquistadors frequently took a local chief hostage to guarantee safe passage through his territory. Contemporary records describe the paramount chief as being very tall and well built, with some of the chroniclers saying Tuaskaloosa stood a foot and a half taller than the Spaniards. Rogers a simple question: "Do you intend to march anyway?". The battle broke the back of the campaign from which they would never fully recover. 33 12.565 N, 87 33.901 W. Marker is in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in Tuscaloosa County. But, for the Spaniards, it would not be easy to subdue Tuskaloosa. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies (the Choctaw and Creek peoples) who later emerged in the region. After the end of the battle as described, they rested there until the 14th of November, caring for their wounds and their horses, and they burned over much of the country. We fought that day until nightfall, without a single Indian having surrendered to us- they fighting bravely on like lions. . 29290 S.E. Age: 42 Height: 5'11" Born: May 7, 2518 Along with the Master Chief and the Weapon, the "Pilot" figures as one of Halo Infinite's three central characters. "Chapter XVII, Of How the Governor went from Coca to Tastaluca". The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. Find out how tall Chief Keef is, discover other Celebrity Heights and Vote on how tall you think any Celebrity is! Through snake-infested waters, and above jagged-shaped mountains, De Soto's . There were several women, but no children. Tuskaloosa gave a city, a county, and a meandering river their name. BIG WARRIOR, a man of much prudence and shrewdness, was a native of Alabama, and a pure-blood Indian. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. The Mabilians danced and sang to the Spaniards, seemingly to allay their fears and to distract them. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. Mr. Clinton was a local . Tuscaloosa, city, seat (1819) of Tuscaloosa county, western Alabama, U.S., on the Black Warrior River about 55 miles (90 km) southwest of Birmingham. While the spectacle unfolded, Tuskaloosa told de Soto he was tired of marching with the Spaniards, and wished to stay in Mabila. Apparently, the tallest men's heads only reached the chest of the chief's son [6]. The Indians lost . > how tall was chief tuscaloosa. Condimentos Qdelcia. The WTTO TV Tower is a 2000 ft / 609.6 m tall guyed mast structure used for communication purposes. There was a problem getting your location. De Soto and several of his men dismounted and entered the town, as the native bearers placed the Spaniards' supplies next to the palisade. Marker is on 6th Street west of 21st Avenue, on the left when traveling west. Are you sure that you want to report this flower to administrators as offensive or abusive? It is located at 3522 Tall Pines Ln Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The chief of Talisi and his vassals had fled the town before them, but de Soto sent messages to the chief, who returned on September 25. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. T.Y. Based on the Charles M. Hudson map of 1997, Tuskaloosa's province consisted of a series of villages, mostly along the Coosa and Alabama Rivers. When de Soto sent men into the house to retrieve the chief, they discovered it was full of armed warriors prepared to protect their chief. The legendary battle grounds where he took on Hernando de Soto. Topics. How tall is Chief Keef. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies (the Choctaw and Creek peoples) who later emerged in the region. [Tuskaloosa]'s appearance was full of dignity he was tall of person, muscular, lean, and symmetrical. De Soto ordered Tuskaloosa to have his people produced or he would be burned at the stake; the chief said only that the men would be returned at Mabila. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. On October 8 they came to a newly built settlement named Uxapita, possibly near modern Wetumpka, Alabama. And although the Governor entered the plaza and alighted from his horse and went up to him, he did not rise, but remained passive in perfect composure and as if he had been a king. [3], Tuskaloosa sent an envoy led by his son and several head men to meet the Spanish in Talisi. Founded in 1816 by Thomas York on land opened to settlement after the Creek War, it was named for the Choctaw chief Tuscaloosa . From 1826 to 1846 Tuscaloosa was the state capital of Alabama. 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ga('create', 'UA-61159911-1', 'auto'); --75.175.67.155 (talk) 00:02, 18 February 2011 (UTC), Fantastic Tatoo Heiro. The chief of Talisi and his leaders had fled the town before them, but de Soto sent messages to the chief, who returned a week later. to bear him. In 1540 chroniclers of the De Soto Expedition described Tuscaloosa as the chief's city and domain. At night fall the Chief began to prepare to leave and return to his village, but de Soto objected and took him into custody, thus making a formidable enemy. The modern city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama is named for him. All photos uploaded successfully, click on the Done button to see the photos in the gallery. Elizabeth Marie Tall Chief was born January 24, 1925 in Fairfax, Oklahoma. Chief Tuskaloosa and his men were exceedingly clever, first in evacuating the women and children, and then in constructing a Trojan Horse village near the community of Mabila. But when he mounted Tuscaloosas feet almost touched the ground. Twenty-two Spaniards were slain, or died in a few days after the engagement. Does Tuscaloosa mean Black Warrior? [12] Forty-five horses were slainan irreplaceable loss. The average height of the US presidents is 5 feet 11 inches (180 cm) tall. Before this chief there stood always an Indian of graceful mien holding a parasol on a handle something like a round and very large fly fan, with a cross similar to that of the Knights of the Order of St. John of Rhodes, in the middle of a black field, and the cross was white. English And as a paramount, he had numerous vassal chiefs and territories spread throughout the region many of whom you may recognize by their names, such as Chief Talisi and the town of Mabila (the latter would give its name to Mobile). The natives had made two serious mistakes: they had not realized the Spaniards' advantage when mounted on horses, and they had relied too heavily on their palisade. Name Tuscaloosa City Hall Address 2201 University Boulevard Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35401 Phone 205-349-2010 Fax 205-349-0180 Try again. The University of Alabama was established during this period in 1831. While Tuskaloosas body was never recovered, it is believe he died there as well. De Soto and several of his men dismounted and entered the town, as the native bearers placed the Spaniards' supplies next to the palisade. According to his chroniclers, the expedition came to the village of Talisi on September 18, 1540, near the modern town of Childersburg, Alabama. the chief town of the domain of Chief Tuscaloosa, which was probably located somewhere in what is now Clarke County. We entered the town and set it on fire, whereby a number of Indians were burned, and all that we had was consumed, so that there remained not a thing.