Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. If you notice that you are feeling upset or more irritable, take a break from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including social media. Research Question 2 Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. Mallhi TH, Ahmad N, Salman M, Tanveer N, Shah S, Butt MH, Alatawi AD, Alotaibi NH, Rahman HU, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Alzahrani MS, Alshehri S, Aljabri A, Khan YH. The five pillars of well-being are defined and measured separately but are correlated constructs that together are considered to result in flourishing (Seligman, 2011). A further consideration is that the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) may not be associated with similar outcomes for people of other cultures and backgrounds during COVID-19. Simon & Schuster. FOIA WebCOVID-19 pandemic made a sudden shift of all ages to online learning and distance learning instructions. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that PsyCap predicted well-being, and structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies between PsyCap and well-being. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). 2021 Jul-Sep;104(3):368504211029812. doi: 10.1177/00368504211029812. The average scores of negative emotion and loneliness increased from 4.46 and 3.86 to 5.85 and 5.94, respectively. Among university students, healthy coping strategies could buffer them from some of the unique challenges associated with acculturating and adjusting to college experiences (Jardin et al., 2018), especially during a pandemic. Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. Given the current realities of physical distancing, there are fewer opportunities for traditional-age university students attending primarily residential campuses to maintain social connections, resulting in social fragmentation and isolation. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. When news of Covid-19 first started circulating, no one believed it would still be impacting our lives today. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Do something physical like dancing. Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. (2011). Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541572. COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Positive psychologists have asserted that studies of wellness and flourishing are important in understanding adaptive behaviors and the potential for growth from challenging circumstances (Joseph & Linley, 2008; Seligman, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). Stumbling on happiness. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. The Brief COPE is a multidimensional inventory used to assess the different ways in which people generally respond to stressful situations. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Occupy your mind with puzzles. Fig 3. -, Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, et al.. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Psychol. PsyCap is defined as an, individuals positive psychological state of development characterized by (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. You might have lost funding or your job. Washington Post. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. Coping is often defined as efforts to prevent or diminish the threat, harm, and loss, or to reduce associated distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010, p. 685). Are you able to do these activities? Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. It is very good for your SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Keywords: university students, psychological capital, well-being, coping strategies, COVID-19. 2022 Dec 7;19(24):16423. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416423. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Gallup. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Helpful strategies of coping Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). Mediator coping strategies. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles Crown. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. J Med Internet Res. With each PERMA element individually rendering to flourishing mental health, specific targeted positive psychology interventions might be offered as domain-specific interventions. In this study, accepting the realities, using alternative affirmative explanations, seeking social support for meeting emotional needs, and engaging in active problem-focused coping behaviors seem to be the most helpful ways to counter the negative effects of the pandemic on well-being. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. This study aims to describe the perception of midwifery students about the use of LMS in English learning activities. https://doi.org/10.2196/20185, Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). If so, please share them using this form. Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. Background: During COVID-19 This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. (2009). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. College Quarterly, 16(1). You made the JV team in 10th grade, later played in college, and still think of Callahan every time you succeed at work. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Fig 1. Breathing exercises - Psychologist Dr. Karen Treisman leads you through a variety of quick, effective exercises to soothe the nervous system: Houseparty App: a free social networking service that allows groups to play games together virtually. Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Now is my chance to help others. Try to get in at least one physical activity each day. These strategies can be harmful and unhealthy with regard to effectively coping with stressors. Mental Health Status and Coping among Portuguese Higher Education Students in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. All of these changes may have influenced students health Coping Through the Coronavirus. Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. Front. 2021;18(1): 355. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1560229. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related. Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355217702136. (2015). Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. Current Psychology. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Instruments (2015). The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. The results also showed that the youngest students had the lowest coping skills. Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los Psychometric validation of the PERMA-profiler as a well-being measure for student veterans. They could also be adapted to provide services online. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0091. Correspondence may be addressed to Priscilla Rose Prasath, 501 W. Cesar E. Chavez Boulevard, Durango Building, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, priscilla.prasath@utsa.edu. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279287. Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most 10.3390/ijerph18010355 Flatt, A. K. (2013). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. Psychol. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. Optimism had a significant indirect effect on change in well-being compared to hope and resilience (see Table 3). Find new ways to celebrate. You might feel unmotivated now. This study examined the relationships between psychological capital (PsyCap), coping strategies, and well-being among 609 university students using self-report measures. The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, student nurses were faced with lot of challenges at both clinical and teaching and learning environment. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings 19 November 2020 Abstract A holistic approach to education that addresses students learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. Factorial structure of Brief COPE for international students attending U.S. colleges. Both courses trained students to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives incidents. Psychological capital and beyond. Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6, Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). Building the leaders of tomorrow: The development of academic psychological capital. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. It was found that nursing students have negative coping methods, such as not being able to manage time well due to constraints at home and spending too much time on the phone, internet, and computer. The coping strategy of planning (mean) among students in individual program years (F, Fig 5. Exercise regularly. Northwestern University. A sudden and far-reaching change in daily functioning caused anxiety, depression, and stress in this group. Penguin Press. The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted See this image and copyright information in PMC. Available from: Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, Brown D, Saewyc E, Heiligenstein E, et al.. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Fig 2. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. B., & Everette James, A. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). government site. The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. But too much news especially social media can add to your anxiety. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). The data were screened and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v25). COVID-19 is challenging us to be creative in being emotionally close but socially distant. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526, Carmona-Halty, M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2019). Disclaimer. Brief COPE Questionnaire The ongoing stress and trauma of the COVID-19 crisis can take a serious toll on our bodies: creating tense muscles, headaches, digestive issues, difficulty sleeping, and even immunity problems. The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. Accessibility The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Would you like email updates of new search results? (1988). Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. Flourishing (or well-being) is defined as a dynamic optimal state of psychosocial functioning that arises from functioning well across multiple psychosocial domains (Butler & Kern, 2016, p. 2). P = Positive Emotion, Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Support expected during the pandemic:. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, If family members are distracting you, use I statements to explain the problem--Im worried about my exam next weekand work together to develop solutions. Demographic Questionnaire The .gov means its official. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. WebOwning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort. Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health.