The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Died young. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Gave lands to Brahmins. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Nothing is known about his origin. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Feature Flags: { An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. View Answer He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. university presses. Translation of " " into Persian . [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Was this answer helpful? elsewhere. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. section. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . All rights reserved. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. This quarterly has been published regularly since Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. epic poem [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. the Kambojs Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Translations. Corrections? 1 Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Jonaraja And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Subscribe here. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Verse 7. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Verse 13. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. . Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Turn on. ). Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Rajatarangini . Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. How do people make money on survival on Mars? Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. "useRatesEcommerce": false Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Answer. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Total loading time: 0 Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. View all Google Scholar citations Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. [citation needed]. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Concerning past occasions. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? . The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.
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