377. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. Illus. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. England, a caricature, multiples hands over countries, Top hat, 2000s stereotypical villain, water, lands countries. . Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. Co., Puck Bldg. [Read Online]. War on Earth. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. First created by the Frenkel brothers in 1935, who, despite their limited . The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. Office hours: By appointment only. The White (!) Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). Co.. Puck Bldg.. NY] Photograph. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Victor Gillam,Judge, January 7, 1899. 11, Issue 40, No. A Red-Letter Day. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". J. Ottmann Lith. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. The image argues that a crisis point has been reached and the caption states, Some One Must Back Up., Some One Must Back Up. Victor Gillam,Judge, December 8, 1900. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Explain your reasoning. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Explain the Sepoy rebellion and the reaction to this rebellion as detailed in the cartoon. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. English. Time: Aug 23, 2021 12:00 PM to 1:15 PM EST Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. Brown, Frederick. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900, view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Weber, Mark. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Title from item. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. - John Bull and Uncle Sam lift the globe, turned toward Asia and the Pacific, to the heavens. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Source: Library of Congress. S Summary is a official man just stand up over a land. In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . [MORE], The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the. 32, No. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Publisher. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the Yet, the protagonists exchange encouraging looks, revealing the covert support behind their positions of benevolent neutrality., The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. Citing Primary Sources. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. Orig. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Painting carried a portfolio inscribed Light. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. In an 1898 two-page spread in Puck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Bello, Walden. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. New Forces in Old China: An Inevitable Awakening(New York: F.H. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon for Judge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled "Education" and "Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. continuous line of British territories from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. Is the item digitized? The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Terms of Use The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue of Puck. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. [1] [2] The project was never completed. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. , 1902. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. - At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. A 27-year-old veterinarian was stabbed to death after trying to stop criminals from stealing the wheels from his wife's car at midnight during load shedding. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. Cullinane, M. Patrick. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. The full sardonic irony of the rendering, however, resides in the dead occupants of the graves. Keppler, U. J. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. 1 print : chromolithograph. William!! Kepplers cartoon reinforces what we have observed in Sam Keens commentary from Faces of the Enemy, that the theme of civilization versus barbarism is a recurring negative stereotype deployed in the dehumanization of a perceived hostile Other. Every week on Mon, Wed, until Dec 13, 2021, 33 occurrence(s), Join Zoom Meeting Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. 799820 (June 2000). The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. As early as mid 1899, for example, Life called attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. Ewart S. Grogan and Arthur H. Sharp. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. 2 vols. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. ", From the Cape to Cairo. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. U.S. National Endowment for the Humanties. [Read Online]. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Several of these graphics from Puck commented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. No quarter will be given! 730-735 (2008). Lucky Filipinos.Life, May 3, 1900. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The countries have been jumbled to align them with American or British imperialistic interests. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Library of Congress Duplication Services. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Colonists--British--1900-1910. At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? - Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Hevia, James Louis. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. Shortly after Kiplings poem appeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? The war was declared over by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 but continued in parts of the country until 1913. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . The word "Civilization" (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). Reference staff can Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? The satirical weekly, Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. History of Animation in Egypt. He offers each student a dealif they both sign a statement admitting to . Source:Library of Congress. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. I relegated an escort. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino.
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